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A 1 homotopy theory is founded on a category called the A 1 homotopy category ().Simply put, the A 1 homotopy category, or rather the canonical functor (), is the universal functor from the category of smooth -schemes towards an infinity category which satisfies Nisnevich descent, such that the affine line A 1 becomes contractible.
A torus, one of the most frequently studied objects in algebraic topology. Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.
Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology ) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies ) at the end of the 19th century, chiefly by ...
In mathematics, the term homology, originally introduced in algebraic topology, has three primary, closely-related usages.The most direct usage of the term is to take the homology of a chain complex, resulting in a sequence of abelian groups called homology groups.
The multiplicative structure of an H-space adds structure to its homology and cohomology groups. For example, the cohomology ring of a path-connected H-space with finitely generated and free cohomology groups is a Hopf algebra. [9] Also, one can define the Pontryagin product on the homology groups of an H-space. [10]
In homotopy theory and algebraic topology, the word "space" denotes a topological space.In order to avoid pathologies, one rarely works with arbitrary spaces; instead, one requires spaces to meet extra constraints, such as being compactly generated weak Hausdorff or a CW complex.
A chain homotopy offers a way to relate two chain maps that induce the same map on homology groups, even though the maps may be different. Given two chain complexes A and B, and two chain maps f, g : A → B, a chain homotopy is a sequence of homomorphisms h n : A n → B n+1 such that hd A + d B h = f − g. The maps may be written out in a ...
In mathematics, homotopical algebra is a collection of concepts comprising the nonabelian aspects of homological algebra, and possibly the abelian aspects as special cases. . The homotopical nomenclature stems from the fact that a common approach to such generalizations is via abstract homotopy theory, as in nonabelian algebraic topology, and in particular the theory of closed model categor