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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear. [3] Symptoms are repeated, brief periods of vertigo with movement, characterized by a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head. [1] This can occur with turning in bed or changing position. [3]
In medicine, insomnia is measured using the Athens insomnia scale. It was introduced in the year 2000 by a group of researchers [ 1 ] from Athens, Greece to assess the insomnia symptoms in patients with sleep disorders.
Insomnia: Insomnia is defined as the subjective perception of difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep, and that results in some form of daytime impairment. [4] Adjustment sleep disorder (acute insomnia) 307.41 F 51.02 Psychophysiological insomnia 307.42 F 51.04
Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia. [3] Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors , somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth , jactatians, enuresis , delirium , nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation. [ 4 ]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
An impairment rating is a percentage intended to represent the degree of person's permanent physical or mental impairment. For people who have had an accident or an illness that has resulted in long term or permanent reduction in the use of a part of their body or bodily function, the impairment rating can be used to measure the loss.
The scale was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) version 4 , but replaced in DSM-5 with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), a survey or interview with detailed items. The WHODAS is considered more detailed and objective than a single global impression.
The assessor requires little training for accurate completion and approximately fifteen minutes to score. The patient can perform the assessment retrospectively or it can be done using medical history. Secondly, the scale allows effective tracking of progress. [4] The scale is strongest and most sensitive in scaling general behavioral disability.