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  2. Matrix (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)

    Matrices are subject to standard operations such as addition and multiplication. [2] Most commonly, a matrix over a field F is a rectangular array of elements of F. [3] [4] A real matrix and a complex matrix are matrices whose entries are respectively real numbers or complex numbers. More general types of entries are discussed below. For ...

  3. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    The birthday problem in this more generic sense applies to hash functions: the expected number of N-bit hashes that can be generated before getting a collision is not 2 N, but rather only 2 N ⁄ 2. This is exploited by birthday attacks on cryptographic hash functions and is the reason why a small number of collisions in a hash table are, for ...

  4. Chemical element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element

    A chemical element is a chemical substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons.The number of protons is called the atomic number of that element. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus.

  5. Usage share of web browsers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers

    The page provides information on the usage share of web browsers, including historical and current statistics.

  6. Campaign finance in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the...

    For example, a candidate who won an election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 spent on average $407,600 (equivalent to $950,000 in 2023), [1] while the winner in 2022 spent on average $2.79 million; in the Senate, average spending for winning candidates went from $3.87 million (equivalent to $9.03 million in 2023) to $26.53 million ...