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Macrophages have been classified as M1 or M2 depending on the adaptive immune response that elicited the phenotype: Th1 or Th2 respectively. [2] [4] [5] The phrase 'alternatively activated macrophage' is used to refer to M2 macrophages. [2] Regulatory macrophages do not fit into the M1/M2 classification system, and they display different ...
Due to their role in phagocytosis, macrophages are involved in many diseases of the immune system. For example, they participate in the formation of granulomas, inflammatory lesions that may be caused by a large number of diseases. Some disorders, mostly rare, of ineffective phagocytosis and macrophage function have been described, for example ...
Csf1r loss-of-function mice exhibit several reproductive system abnormalities in the estrous cycle and ovulation rates as well as reduced antral follicles and ovarian macrophages. It is not clear whether ovulation dysfunction in Csf1r loss-of-function mice is due to loss of the protective effects of ovarian macrophages or loss of CSF1R ...
The effects of IL-6 on depression are mediated through the repression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the brain; DNMT1 hypermethylates the BDNF promoter and reduces BDNF levels. [92] Altered BDNF function has been implicated in depression, [93] which is likely due to epigenetic modification following IL-6 upregulation ...
Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells (T h) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [1] Therapies to treat inflammatory diseases include monoclonal antibodies that either neutralize inflammatory cytokines or their receptors. [2]
The brain is very complex, and is composed of many different areas and types of tissue, or matter. The different functions of different tissues in the brain may be more or less susceptible to age-induced changes. [6] The brain matter can be broadly classified as either grey matter, or white matter.
Tyr-Lys-Pro exert considerable regulatory effect on several macrophage functions including: phagocytosis, cell locomotion, superoxide anion production, IgE-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, β-glycuronidase release, and IL-1 production. [2] Selank is an elongated version of tuftsin with a Pro-Gly-Pro appended, i.e. Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro ...
Microglia also constantly monitor neuronal functions through direct somatic contacts via their microglial processes, and exert neuroprotective effects when needed. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The brain and spinal cord, which make up the CNS, are not usually accessed directly by pathogenic factors in the body's circulation due to a series of endothelial cells ...