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As the membrane of the phagosome is formed by the fusion of the plasma membrane, the basic composition of the phospholipid bilayer is the same. Endosomes and lysosomes then fuse with the phagosome to contribute to the membrane, especially when the engulfed particle is very big, such as a parasite. [14]
Phagosome Formation: Once the phagocytic cup has almost completely surrounded the target, the membrane extensions seal together, forming an intact phagosome containing the engulfed material. [9] Phagosome Maturation: The newly formed phagosome undergoes a series of transitions similar to endosome maturation. This process involves the recycling ...
The process of creating vesicles within the endosome is thought to be enhanced by the peculiar lipid BMP or LBPA, which is only found in late endosomes, endolysosomes or lysosomes. [12] When the endosome has matured into a late endosome/MVB and fuses with a lysosome, the vesicles in the lumen are delivered to the lysosome lumen.
At first, autophagosomes fuse with endosomes or endosome-derived vesicles. These structures are then called amphisomes or intermediate autophagic vacuoles. [7] Nonetheless, these structures contain endocytic markers even small lysosomal proteins such as cathepsin D.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits phagosome-endosome fusion, thus avoiding being destroyed by the harsh environment of the phagosome. [4] ICP47 from some herpesvirus block transport of the peptide by TAP. U21 from some human herpesvirus 7 binds and targets certain MHC I molecules for lysosomal degradation.
[24] [25] Clathrin coats are involved in two crucial transport steps: (i) receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis from the plasma membrane to early endosome and (ii) transport from the TGN to endosomes. In endocytosis, the clathrin coat is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, forming pits that invaginate to pinch off ...
Uecker was so popular in the role that he returned five years later to reprise the role in 1994's "Major League 2" (and again in 1998's "Major League: Back to the Minors").
Exosomes are formed through the inward budding of a late endosome, also known as a multivesicular body (MVB). [7] The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of the multivesicular body (MVB) bud inward into the endosomal lumen. If the MVB fuses with the cell surface (the plasma membrane), these ILVs are released as exosomes. [8]