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In mathematics, complex multiplication (CM) is the theory of elliptic curves E that have an endomorphism ring larger than the integers. [1] Put another way, it contains the theory of elliptic functions with extra symmetries, such as are visible when the period lattice is the Gaussian integer lattice or Eisenstein integer lattice.
The complex multiplier is the multiplier principle in Keynesian economics (formulated by John Maynard Keynes).The simplistic multiplier that is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save is a special case used for illustrative purposes only.
A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.
Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematics that investigates functions of complex numbers.It is useful in many branches of mathematics, including number theory and applied mathematics; as well as in physics, including hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and electrical engineering.
A unit complex number in the circle group represents a rotation of the complex plane about the origin and can be parametrized by the angle measure : = = + . This is the exponential map for the circle group.
The theory of functions of several complex variables is the branch of mathematics dealing with functions defined on the complex coordinate space, that is, n-tuples of complex numbers. The name of the field dealing with the properties of these functions is called several complex variables (and analytic space ), which the Mathematics Subject ...
In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x. A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used ...
In particular, if either or in the complex domain can be computed with some complexity, then that complexity is attainable for all other elementary functions. Below, the size n {\displaystyle n} refers to the number of digits of precision at which the function is to be evaluated.