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2. Cone penetration test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_penetration_test

   The cone penetration or cone penetrometer test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in Delft to investigate soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the "Dutch ...

3. Lateral earth pressure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure

   An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...

4. Standard penetration test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_penetration_test

   The standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering properties of soil. This test is the most frequently used subsurface exploration drilling test performed worldwide. The test procedure is described in ISO 22476-3, ASTM D1586 [1] and Australian Standards AS ...

5. Soil mechanics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics

   When the water pressure at a point in the soil is equal to the total vertical stress at that point, the effective stress is zero and the soil has no frictional resistance to deformation. For a surface layer, the vertical effective stress becomes zero within the layer when the upward hydraulic gradient is equal to the critical gradient. [ 15 ]

6. Oedometer test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedometer_test

   An oedometer is fundamentally made out of three components: a "consolidation cell" to hold the soil sample, a mechanism to apply a known pressure over the sample, and an instrument to measure the changes in the sample's thickness. [12] The equipment required to perform an oedometer test is sometimes called an "oedometer test set".

7. Geotechnical engineering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering

   Geotechnical centrifuge modeling is another method of testing physical-scale models of geotechnical problems. The use of a centrifuge enhances the similarity of the scale model tests involving soil because soil's strength and stiffness are susceptible to the confining pressure.