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The concept of a society that uses hydrogen as the primary means of energy storage was theorized by geneticist J. B. S. Haldane in 1923. Anticipating the exhaustion of Britain's coal reserves for power generation, Haldane proposed a network of wind turbines to produce hydrogen and oxygen for long-term energy storage through electrolysis, to help address renewable power's variable output. [15]
Shifting to renewable energy "can help us to meet the dual goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, thereby limiting future extreme weather and climate impacts, and ensuring reliable, timely, and cost-efficient delivery of energy". Investing in renewable energy can have significant dividends for our energy security. [25]
Hydrogen can be produced from water by electrolysis.Electrolysis powered by renewable energy is carbon neutral.The business consortium Hydrogen Council said that, as of December 2023, manufacturers are preparing for a green hydrogen expansion by building out the electrolyzer pipeline by 35 percent to meet the needs of more than 1,400 announced projects.
The energy content of the produced hydrogen is around 74% of the energy content of the original fuel, [33] as some energy is lost as excess heat during production. In general, steam reforming emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, and is known as gray hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be deployed as an energy source in fuel cells to produce electricity, or via combustion to generate heat. [169] When hydrogen is consumed in fuel cells, the only emission at the point of use is water vapour. [169] Combustion of hydrogen can lead to the thermal formation of harmful nitrogen oxides. [169]
Although molecular hydrogen has very high energy density on a mass basis, partly because of its low molecular weight, as a gas at ambient conditions it has very low energy density by volume. If it is to be used as fuel stored on board a vehicle, pure hydrogen gas must be stored in an energy-dense form to provide sufficient driving range.
Renewable energy in developing countries is an increasingly used alternative to fossil fuel energy, as these countries scale up their energy supplies and address energy poverty. Renewable energy technology was once seen as unaffordable for developing countries. [ 200 ]
A power-to-methane system combines hydrogen from a power-to-hydrogen system with carbon dioxide to produce methane [26] (see natural gas) using a methanation reaction such as the Sabatier reaction or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%, [citation needed] the methane may then be fed into the natural gas grid ...