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The timeline of the opioid epidemic includes selected events related to the origins of Stamford, Connecticut-based Purdue Pharma, the Sackler family, the development and marketing of oxycodone, selected FDA activities related to the abuse and misuse of opioids, the recognition of the opioid epidemic, the social impact of the crisis, lawsuits against Purdue and the Sackler family.
With the increase in volume, the potency of opioids also increased. By 2002, one in six drug users were being prescribed drugs more powerful than morphine; by 2012, the ratio had doubled to one in three. [18] The most commonly prescribed opioids have been oxycodone and hydrocodone. The epidemic has been described as a "uniquely American problem ...
[22] [23] [24] The epidemic began with the overprescription and abuse of prescription drugs. [25] However, as prescription drugs became less accessible in 2016 in response to CDC opioid prescribing guidelines, [26] there was an increase in demand and accessibility to cheaper, illicit alternatives to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl. [27]
Diversion, abuse, and a relatively high rate of overdose deaths in comparison to other drugs of its group. This drug continues to be available in most of the world including the US, but under strict controls. Terfenadine (Seldane, Triludan) 1997–1998 France, South Africa, Oman, others, US Prolonged QT interval; ventricular tachycardia [2] [3]
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs. [13] [14] Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the 4th century BCE, when Hippocrates wrote about it for its analgesic properties, stating, "Divinum opus est sedare dolores." ("Divine work is the easing of pain") [15]
The weak opioid codeine, in low doses and combined with one or more other drugs, is commonly available in prescription medicines and without a prescription to treat mild pain. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Other opioids are usually reserved for the relief of moderate to severe pain.
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[22] [23] [24] It is a Schedule II drug in the United States, [23] Class A in the United Kingdom, [5] and Schedule I in Canada. [25] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [26] In 2022, it was the 139th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.