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An amniocentesis is typically performed in the second trimester between the 15th and 20th week of gestation. [5] Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems, in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of pregnancy loss. [5]
Amniotic fluid is removed from the mother by an amniocentesis procedure, where a long needle is inserted through the abdomen into the amniotic sac, using ultrasound guidance such that the fetus is not harmed. Amniocentesis is a low risk procedure, with risk of pregnancy loss between 1 in 1,500 – 1 in 700 procedures.
Amniocentesis has become the standard of care for prenatal care visits for women who are "at risk" or over a certain age. The wide use of amniocentesis has been defined as consumeristic. [ 87 ] and some argue that this can be in conflict with the right to privacy, [ 88 ] Most obstetricians (depending on the country) offer patients the AFP ...
Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus.This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications.
An amniocentesis is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is aspirated using a needle that is inserted into the abdomen guided by ultrasound. [1] The sample is then tested, and can help doctors diagnose genetic disorders, birth defects, or other fetal health problems.
The main routes of transmission of vertically transmitted infections are across the placenta (transplacental) and across the female reproductive tract during childbirth. Transmission is also possible by breaks in the maternal-fetal barrier such by amniocentesis [ 13 ] or major trauma .
Testing Women, Testing the Fetus by Rayna Rapp is a book, published in 1999, about analysis of the social repercussions of prenatal genetic testing.Rapp combines the data she collected herself with historical context of amniocentesis and genetic counseling to argue that amniocentesis and those abortions following positive test results is a social decision as much as an individual one.
Prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was confined exclusively to women, and rigorously excluded men. [76] The expectant mother would invite close female friends and family members to her home to keep her company during childbirth. [77]: 96–98 Skilled midwives managed all aspects of the labour and delivery. [78]