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Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2]
During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [1] [2] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring.
In response to this, the proportion of umbilical venous blood diverted to fetal heart increases. [25] This eventually leads to elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and increased right ventricular afterload. [26] [27] [28] This fetal cerebral redistribution of blood flow is an early
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
Amnioinfusion is a method in which isotonic fluid is instilled into the uterine cavity.. It was introduced in the 1960s as a means of terminating pregnancy and inducing labor in intrauterine death, but is currently used as a treatment in order to correct fetal heart rate changes caused by umbilical cord compression, indicated by variable decelerations seen on fetal heart rate monitoring.
Nuchal cord, when the umbilical cord is (tightly) around the neck of the fetus [2]; Entanglement of the cord [2]; Knot in the cord [2]; Cord prolapse, where the umbilical cord exits the birth canal before the baby, which can cause cord compression.
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Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or variable decelerations, particularly after the rupture of membranes. With overt prolapses, the diagnosis can be confirmed if the cord can be felt on vaginal examination.