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The history of colectivos predates the presidency of Hugo Chávez. [22] Colectivos emerged during the 1960s from urban guerrilla warfare in metropolitan Venezuela, and made a return during Chávez's tenure [5] [23] when he created their parent organizations, known as Bolivarian Circles. [24]
In April 2006 the Government of Venezuela passed The Law of Communal Councils (consejos comunales) which empowers local citizens to form neighbourhood-based elected councils that initiate and oversee local policies and projects towards community development. Many Communal Councils became colectivos after they were armed by the Venezuelan ...
La Piedrita is a colectivo that is active in Venezuela. It has been described as one of the most violent and influential colectivos in Venezuela. [1] [2] The colectivo has stated that they will defend the Bolivarian revolution "at all costs". [3]
Revolutionary Movement Tupamaro (Spanish: Movimiento Revolucionario Tupamaro, MRT), often shortened to Tupamaro, is a far-left Marxist-Leninist communist party and one of the most prominent colectivos in Venezuela. [3] Several Tupamaros participate in peaceful movements while some believe in the "idea of armed struggle as a means to gain power."
Following the involvement of Bolivarian Circles in defending President Chávez during the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, the government sponsored the creation of official communal councils on 10 April 2006, [8] some of which became armed colectivos instead.
Observatorio Venezolano de Conflictividad Social stated that between 1 April 2017 and 31 July 2017, colectivos attacked at least 523 of 6,729 of protests – or about 8% of protests – with bullet wounds reported in the majority of the protests where colectivos were involved. [8]
Some "colectivos" have acted violently against the opposition without impediment from Venezuelan government forces. [140] Vice President of Venezuela, Jorge Arreaza, praised colectivos saying, "If there has been exemplary behavior it has been the behavior of the motorcycle colectivos that are with the Bolivarian revolution."
[17] [18] Colectivos killed a non-protesting woman in her own doorway, [19] and five others were injured. [ 20 ] According to Venezuelan journalist Francisco Toro for The Washington Post , protests broke out in working-class Caracas neighbourhoods on January 22, which until then had supported Maduro. [ 21 ]