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2. Structural Soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Soil

   Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to pavement design and installation requirements while permitting root growth. It is a mixture of gap-graded gravels (mostly made of crushed stone) and soil (mineral content and organic content). It provides an integrated, root penetrable, high strength pavement system that shifts design away ...

3. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

4. List of pipeline accidents in the United States in 2009

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents...

   $50,000 or more in total costs, measured in 1984 dollars ... of crude oil. 700 cubic yards of contaminated soil had to be ... left a hole about 30 yards by 20 yards ...

5. Hardpan - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpan

   Hardpan. In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil ...

6. Soil in the United States - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_in_the_United_States

   Each year thousands of sites complete soil contamination cleanup, some by using microbes that “eat up” toxic chemicals in soil, [5] many others by simple excavation and others by soil vapor extraction, air stripping, or solvent extraction, with the choice of method influenced by the nature of the contaminants involved as well as by costs ...

7. Soil conservation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conservation

   Soil conservation. Contour plowing in Pennsylvania in 1938. The rows formed slow surface water run-off during rainstorms to prevent soil erosion and allow the water time to infiltrate into the soil. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage ...