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2. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

3. Bulk soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil

   Soil is made up of layers called soil horizons, these make up a vertical soil profile.There are five master horizons O, A, E, B, and C. The O horizon contains organic matter, A is considered the topsoil, E is present or absent depending on the type of soil and conditions, B is the subsoil, and C is unconsolidated rock.

4. Chemical plant cost indexes - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant_cost_indexes

   Chemical Engineering Index, CE: composed of 4 major components – for equipment and other bulk items, the others relevant to construction labor, buildings, and engineering and supervision – the index is employed primary as a process plant construction index, was established using a base period of 1957-1959 as 100. The CE Index is updated ...

5. Soil compaction (agriculture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)

   Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads. [ 1] Compaction can adversely affect nearly all physical, chemical and biological properties and functions of soil. [ 2] Together with soil erosion, it is regarded as the ...

6. Bloomberg Commodity Index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Commodity_Index

   Bloomberg Commodity Index. The Bloomberg Commodity Index (BCOM) is a broadly diversified commodity price index distributed by Bloomberg Index Services Limited. The index was originally launched in 1998 as the Dow Jones-AIG Commodity Index (DJ-AIGCI) and renamed to Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Index (DJ-UBSCI) in 2009, when UBS acquired the index ...

7. Atterberg limits - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atterberg_limits

   The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil: its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. Depending on its water content, soil may appear in one of four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid. In each state, the consistency and behavior of soil are different, and consequently so ...