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2. Earthworks (engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)

   In military engineering, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortifications constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moats, sod walls, motte-and-bailey castles, and hill forts.

3. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

4. Bulk soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil

   Bulk soil is soil outside the rhizosphere that is not penetrated by plant roots. The bulk soil is like an ecosystem, it is made up of many things such as: nutrients, ions, soil particles, and root exudates. There are many different interactions that occur between all the members of the bulk soil. Natural organic compounds are much lower in bulk ...

5. Soil compaction (agriculture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)

   Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads. [ 1] Compaction can adversely affect nearly all physical, chemical and biological properties and functions of soil. [ 2] Together with soil erosion, it is regarded as the ...

6. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

   The soil bulk density of cultivated loam is about 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm 3 (for comparison water is 1.0 g/cm 3). [48] Contrary to particle density, soil bulk density is highly variable for a given soil, with a strong causal relationship with soil biological activity and management strategies. [49]

7. Constructed soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_soil

   Constructed soil. Constructed soils (also called fabricated soils) are mixtures of organic and mineral material derived from a number of sources, including repurposed organic waste, that are designed to approximate natural soils and provide a growing medium for plants. [1] Constructed soils are commonly used in the reclamation of degraded land ...