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Hegel's friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer (1766–1848) financially supported Hegel and used his political influence to help him obtain multiple positions. In Bamberg, as editor of the Bamberger Zeitung , which was a pro-French newspaper, Hegel extolled the virtues of Napoleon and often editorialized the Prussian accounts of the war. [37]
[15] [20] Cholera reached the Pacific coast of North America by 1834, reaching into the center of the country by steamboat and other river traffic. [21] The third cholera pandemic began in 1846 and lasted until 1860. It hit Russia hardest, with over one million deaths. In 1846, cholera struck Mecca, killing over 15,000. [22]
Today, cholera specifically describes illness caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. [4] There are numerous examples of epidemics prior to 1817 which are suspected as being cholera. [4] In the sixth century BCE cholera-like symptoms were described by an Indian text. [4]
Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the Russian Empire during a similar time period exceeded 2 million. [5]
The pandemic reappeared in 1891 and originated in Bengal when 60,000 Hindu pilgrims arrived at a small village to celebrate a bathing festival unknown to the authorities. The pilgrims caused new immense cholera outbreaks in northern India during 1891, with more than 580,000 cholera deaths in Assam, Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh. [17]
The first cholera vaccines were developed in the late 19th century. There were several pioneers in the development of the vaccine: The first known attempt at a cholera vaccine was made by Louis Pasteur and it was aimed at preventing cholera in chickens. [29] This was the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory. [16]
The first six months of the year have seen 249,793 cholera cases and 2,137 deaths reported from 25 countries, compared to 166,442 cases and 69 deaths in the same period in 2023, according to the WHO.
There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia. [7] In 1831, it is estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in Hungary. [12] The cholera epidemic struck Warsaw during the November Uprising between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. [13]