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The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is a psychological assessment instrument comprising 22 symptom items pertaining to occupational burnout. [1] The original form of the MBI was developed by Christina Maslach and Susan E. Jackson with the goal of assessing an individual's experience of burnout. [ 2 ]
Christina Maslach (born January 21, 1946) [1] is an American social psychologist and professor emerita of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, [2] known for her research on occupational burnout. [3] She is a co-author of the Maslach Burnout Inventory [4] and Areas of Worklife Survey. [5]
Consistent with Maslach's conceptualization, the MBI operationalizes burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome consisting of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (an unfeeling and impersonal response toward recipients of one's service, care, treatment, or instruction), [a] and reduced personal accomplishment.
This model suggests burnout consists of three interrelated parts: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. Diminished personal accomplishment refers to negative evaluations of the self. [7] [8] [9] Some new perspectives on how to prevent burnout, also suggested by Christina Maslach, include two approaches.
There are two schools of thought with regard to the definition of work engagement. On the one hand Maslach and Leiter assume that a continuum exists with burnout and engagement as two opposite poles. [3] The second school of thought operationalizes engagement in its own right as the positive antithesis of burnout. [4]
Susan E. Jackson is an American researcher in the fields of managing for environmental sustainability, strategic human resource management, occupational burnout, and work team diversity. [1] She was the co-author of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in 1981, [ 2 ] the primary diagnostic instrument for the condition of occupational burnout.
The Multi-dimensional Theory of Anxiety [7] is based on the distinction between somatic and cognitive anxiety. The theory predicts that a negative, linear relationship between somatic and cognitive anxiety, an Inverted-U relationship between somatic anxiety and performance, and that somatic anxiety declines once performance begins although cognitive anxiety may remain high, if confidence is low.
A deadening of empathic response to workmates, customers and the like is one of the three key components of occupational burnout, according to the conceptualization behind its primary diagnostic instrument, the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The term Empathy Deficit Disorder (EDD) has gained popularity online, but it is not a diagnosis under the DSM-5.