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Drawing of Death bringing the cholera, in Le Petit Journal (1912).. The sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of cholera beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia.
Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the Russian Empire during a similar time period exceeded 2 million. [5]
Hegel's friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer (1766–1848) financially supported Hegel and used his political influence to help him obtain multiple positions. In Bamberg, as editor of the Bamberger Zeitung , which was a pro-French newspaper, Hegel extolled the virtues of Napoleon and often editorialized the Prussian accounts of the war. [37]
The pandemic reappeared in 1891 and originated in Bengal when 60,000 Hindu pilgrims arrived at a small village to celebrate a bathing festival unknown to the authorities. The pilgrims caused new immense cholera outbreaks in northern India during 1891, with more than 580,000 cholera deaths in Assam, Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh. [17]
1831 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel died of a gastrointestinal disease during a cholera outbreak in Berlin. 1832 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe died of a heart attack in Weimar. [6] 1837 – Giacomo Leopardi died in Naples during a cholera epidemic, maybe by pulmonary edema. 1860 – Arthur Schopenhauer died of pulmonary-respiratory failure
The deaths of more than 1,100 people in New York City in 1866 resulted in the establishment of the New York Metropolitan Board of Health. [ 8 ] In 1867, Italy lost 113,000 to cholera, and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria . [ 3 ]
Two vaccine doses with a 1–6 week interval are typically recommended. [10] The duration of protection is at least two years in adults and six months in children aged 1–5 years. [ 10 ] A live, attenuated single-dose oral vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common but is not WHO approved for public health use.
Flu vaccines used during the flu in 2009. This is a list of vaccine-related topics.. A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins.