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Hegel's friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer (1766–1848) financially supported Hegel and used his political influence to help him obtain multiple positions. In Bamberg, as editor of the Bamberger Zeitung , which was a pro-French newspaper, Hegel extolled the virtues of Napoleon and often editorialized the Prussian accounts of the war. [37]
Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 in the first three pandemics of the nineteenth century, are estimated to have exceeded 15 million people. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917, during the next three pandemics. Cholera deaths in the Russian Empire during a similar time period exceeded 2 million. [5]
Drawing of Death bringing the cholera, in Le Petit Journal (1912).. The sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of cholera beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe, and Russia.
Estimates of the ratio of asymptomatic to symptomatic infections have ranged from 3 to 100. [19] Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" [20] because a person's skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. [21] Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection.
1831 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel died of a gastrointestinal disease during a cholera outbreak in Berlin. 1832 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe died of a heart attack in Weimar. [6] 1837 – Giacomo Leopardi died in Naples during a cholera epidemic, maybe by pulmonary edema. 1860 – Arthur Schopenhauer died of pulmonary-respiratory failure
The disease continued westward in 1892, across the Punjab (with 75,000 cholera deaths), and raged on through Afghanistan and claimed 60,000 lives in Persia, [17] [18] and then reached Imperial Russia which suffered a staggering morbidity rate, exacerbated by the Russian famine of 1891–1892. [19]
Influenza A virus subtype H1N1: Lab confirmed deaths: 18,449 (reported to the WHO) [264] Estimated death toll: 284,000 (possible range 151,700–575,400) [265] 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak: 2010–2019 Haiti: Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa) 10,075 [266] 2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak 2010–2014
The first known attempt at a cholera vaccine was made by Louis Pasteur and it was aimed at preventing cholera in chickens. [29] This was the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory. [16] Later use showed this early cholera vaccine to be ineffective. [30]