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Paul Sabatier (1854-1941) winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 and discoverer of the reaction in 1897. The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (optimally 300–400 °C) and pressures (perhaps 3 MPa [1]) in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
The methanation reactions are classified as exothermic and their energy of formations are listed. [ 1 ] There is disagreement on whether the CO 2 methanation occurs by first associatively adsorbing an adatom hydrogen and forming oxygen intermediates before hydrogenation or dissociating and forming a carbonyl before being hydrogenated. [ 3 ]
This is sometimes called the reverse water–gas shift reaction. [19] Water gas is defined as a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2). The term 'shift' in water–gas shift means changing the water gas composition (CO:H 2) ratio. The ratio can be increased by adding CO 2 or reduced by adding steam to the reactor.
The Bosch reaction is a catalytic chemical reaction between carbon dioxide (CO 2) and hydrogen (H 2) that produces elemental carbon (C,graphite), water, and a 10% return of invested heat. CO 2 is usually reduced by H 2 to carbon in presence of a catalyst (e.g. iron (Fe)) and requires a temperature level of 530–730 °C (986–1,346 °F).
The reaction is exothermic. When the ATR uses carbon dioxide, the H 2:CO ratio produced is 1:1; when the ATR uses steam, the H 2:CO ratio produced is 2.5:1. The outlet temperature of the syngas is between 950–1100 °C and outlet pressure can be as high as 100 bar. [18] In addition to reactions [1] – [3], ATR introduces the following ...
If, however, hydrogen is the desired end-product, the coal gas (primarily the CO product) undergoes the water gas shift reaction where more hydrogen is produced by additional reaction with water vapor: CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2. Although other technologies for coal gasification currently exist, all employ, in general, the same chemical processes.
The Fischer–Tropsch process involves a series of chemical reactions that produce a variety of hydrocarbons, ideally having the formula (C n H 2n+2). The more useful reactions produce alkanes as follows: [7] (2n + 1) H 2 + n CO → C n H 2n+2 + n H 2 O. where n is typically 10–20. The formation of methane (n = 1) is unwanted.
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, also known as CO2RR, is the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to more reduced chemical species using electrical energy. It represents one potential step in the broad scheme of carbon capture and utilization .