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This would be hypothetical isolation. An example would be the hypothetical separation of the income effect and the substitution effect of a price change, which actually go together. [3] The other use of the ceteris paribus clause is to see it as a means for obtaining an approximate solution. Here it would yield a substantive isolation. [3]
A laconic phrase or laconism is a concise or terse statement, especially a blunt and elliptical rejoinder. [1] [2] It is named after Laconia, the region of Greece including the city of Sparta, whose ancient inhabitants had a reputation for verbal austerity and were famous for their often pithy remarks.
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.
In logic, two propositions and are mutually exclusive if it is not logically possible for them to be true at the same time; that is, () is a tautology. To say that more than two propositions are mutually exclusive, depending on the context, means either 1. "() () is a tautology" (it is not logically possible for more than one proposition to be true) or 2. "() is a tautology" (it is not ...
Retrocausality, or backwards causation, is a concept of cause and effect in which an effect precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. [1] [2] In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level and so time-symmetric systems can be viewed as causal or retrocausal.
An event contributes to the occurrence of events in its causal future. Upon choosing a frame of reference, one can assign coordinates to the event: three spatial coordinates x → = ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}=(x,y,z)} to describe the location and one time coordinate t {\displaystyle t} to specify the moment at which the event occurs.
After the problem appeared in Parade, approximately 10,000 readers, including nearly 1,000 with PhDs, wrote to the magazine, most of them calling Savant wrong. [4] Even when given explanations, simulations, and formal mathematical proofs, many people still did not accept that switching is the best strategy. [ 5 ]
Individual random events are, by definition, unpredictable, but if there is a known probability distribution, the frequency of different outcomes over repeated events (or "trials") is predictable. [note 1] For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will tend to occur twice as often ...