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For projectiles in unpowered flight, its velocity is highest at leaving the muzzle and drops off steadily because of air resistance.Projectiles traveling less than the speed of sound (about 340 m/s (1,100 ft/s) in dry air at sea level) are subsonic, while those traveling faster are supersonic and thus can travel a substantial distance and even hit a target before a nearby observer hears the ...
MV: Muzzle velocity, in feet-per-second; ME: Muzzle energy, in foot-pounds; P: Momentum, in pound (force) (lbf) times seconds. [1] A guide to the recoil from the cartridge, and an indicator of bullet penetration potential. The .30-06 Springfield (at 2.064 lbf-s) is considered the upper limit for tolerable recoil for inexperienced rifle shooters ...
In this instance, heavier bullets are loaded in standard ammunition, which reduces muzzle velocity below the speed of sound. As an example, the very common 9×19mm Parabellum standard military round is a 7.5 g (116 gr) bullet at velocities typically around 360 m/s (1,200 ft/s). Subsonic loads for 9×19mm Parabellum commonly use 9.5 g (147 gr ...
The imperial unit kilograin foot per second (kgr⋅ft/s). "Grain foot per second" (gr·ft/s) can be obtained by measuring the mass in grains (gr) (7,000 to the pound) and velocity in feet per second (ft/s), but since their product yields a very large number it is common to multiply by a factor of 1 ⁄ 1000, obtaining the power factor in kilo ...
Bullets used in many cartridges are fired at muzzle velocities faster than the speed of sound [10] [11] —about 343 metres per second (1,130 ft/s) in dry air at 20 °C (68 °F)—and thus can travel substantial distances to their targets before any nearby observers hear the sound of the shots.
There is wide variation in commercial ammunition. A 180 gr (12 g) bullet fired from .357 Magnum handgun can achieve a muzzle energy of 580 ft⋅lbf (790 J). A 110 gr (7.1 g) bullet fired from the same gun might only achieve 400 ft⋅lbf (540 J) of muzzle energy, depending upon the manufacturer of the cartridge.
Sectional density is a very important aspect of a projectile or bullet, and is for a round projectile like a bullet the ratio of frontal surface area (half the bullet diameter squared, times pi) to bullet mass. Since, for a given bullet shape, frontal surface increases as the square of the calibre, and mass increases as the cube of the diameter ...
Example: A .44 Remington Magnum with a 240-grain (0.016 kg) jacketed bullet is fired at 1,180 feet per second (360 m/s) [2] at a 170-pound (77 kg) target. What velocity is imparted to the target (assume the bullet remains embedded in the target and thus practically loses all its velocity)?