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HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. But contrary to other members of the ERBB family, HER2 does not directly bind ligand. HER2 activation results from heterodimerization with another ERBB member or by homodimerization when HER2 concentration are high, for instance in cancer. [8]
These downstream signaling proteins initiate several signal transduction cascades, principally the MAPK, Akt and JNK pathways, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. [12] Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Activation of the receptor is important for the innate immune response in ...
The Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway is a major signalling route for the ErbB family, as is the PI3-K/AKT pathway, both of which lead to increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. [ 25 ] Genetic Ras mutations are infrequent in breast cancer but Ras may be pathologically activated in breast cancer by overexpression of ErbB receptors. [ 26 ]
De-regulation of the autocrine Wnt signaling pathway via mutations in APC and Axin have been linked to activation of various types of human cancer. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Genetic alterations that lead to de-regulation of the autocrine Wnt pathway result in transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other pathways, in turn contributing ...
The main approach in overcoming endocrine resistance in those breast cancers that are both ER+ and HER2+ is by using a combination of endocrine and HER2-targeting agents. [22] In trials conducted with a combination of anti-HER2 agents and an aromatase inhibitor, significant clinical benefit and improved progression-free survival have been observed.
Find Out: 3 Best Florida Cities To Buy Property in the Next 5 Years, According To Real Estate Agents. ... People. Jon Hamm takes stage at popular Chicago karaoke bar, belts 'Sweet Caroline,' other ...
18706 Ensembl ENSG00000121879 ENSMUSG00000027665 UniProt P42336 P42337 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_006218 NM_008839 RefSeq (protein) NP_006209 NP_032865 Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 179.15 – 179.24 Mb Chr 3: 32.45 – 32.52 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (the HUGO -approved official symbol = PIK3CA ; HGNC ...
Chia seeds’ high fiber content is why you might see so many people on social media creating their own gut-friendly cocktail: chia seed water. The recipe is relatively simple: one to two ...
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