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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The traditional narrative includes some factual and some mythical events including visions by a French boy and a German boy, an intention to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity, bands of children marching to Italy, and children being sold into slavery. Thomas Fuller referred to it as a Holy war in his Historie of the Holy Warre.
Historians consider that this was a pivotal moment, because the church was now under the control of men who supported a concept of holy war and would plan to make it happen. [9] The reformers now viewed the church as an independent force with God-given authority to act in the secular world for religious regeneration.
A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (Latin: sanctum bellum), is a war and conflict which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. In the modern period , there are frequent debates over the extent to which religious, economic , ethnic or other aspects of a conflict are ...
Christian holy war had a long history pre-dating the 11th century when papal reformers began equating the universal church with the papacy [clarification needed]. This resulted in the Peace and Truce of God movement supporting military defence of the church, clergy and its property.
Christians have had diverse attitudes towards violence and nonviolence over time. Both currently and historically, there have been four attitudes towards violence and war and four resulting practices of them within Christianity: non-resistance, Christian pacifism, just war, and preventive war (Holy war, e.g., the Crusades). [1]
A Christian theology of war inevitably evolved from the point when Roman citizenship and Christianity became linked. Citizens were required to fight against the empire's enemies. Dating from the works of the 4th-century theologian Augustine of Hippo, a doctrine of holy war developed. Augustine wrote that aggressive war was sinful, but war could ...
A map of western Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies in the Crusade of 1101. 1101. 29 April. Baldwin I of Jerusalem is successful in the second Siege of Arsuf and he continues his campaign and captures Caesarea on 2 May. [163] 23 June. Raymond of Saint Gilles captures Ankara in his advance through Asia Minor. [164] Summer.