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Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
Previously, the best-performing neural NLP models commonly employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually-labeled data, which made it prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to train extremely large language models. [2] The first GPT model was known as "GPT-1," and it was followed by "GPT-2" in February 2019.
Multimodal models can either be trained from scratch, or by finetuning. A 2022 study found that Transformers pretrained only on natural language can be finetuned on only 0.03% of parameters and become competitive with LSTMs on a variety of logical and visual tasks, demonstrating transfer learning. [99]
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [1] [2] Like the original Transformer model, [3] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers, where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5]
A foundation model, also known as large X model (LxM), is a machine learning or deep learning model that is trained on vast datasets so it can be applied across a wide range of use cases. [1] Generative AI applications like Large Language Models are often examples of foundation models.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model trained and created by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. [1] It was launched on March 14, 2023, [1] and made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus, via OpenAI's API, and via the free chatbot Microsoft Copilot. [2]
Claude is a family of large language models developed by Anthropic. [1] [2] The first model was released in March 2023.The Claude 3 family, released in March 2024, consists of three models: Haiku optimized for speed, Sonnet balancing capabilities and performance, and Opus designed for complex reasoning tasks.