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Excel's storage of numbers in binary format also affects its accuracy. [3] To illustrate, the lower figure tabulates the simple addition 1 + x − 1 for several values of x. All the values of x begin at the 15 th decimal, so Excel must take them into account. Before calculating the sum 1 + x, Excel first approximates x as a binary number
vehicle-kilometre (vkm [1]) as a measure of traffic flow, determined by multiplying the number of vehicles on a given road or traffic network by the average length of their trips measured in kilometres. [2] vehicle-mile (vehicle miles traveled, or VMT [1]) same as before but measures the trip expressed in miles.
The "city" driving program of the EPA Federal Test Procedure is identical to the UDDS plus the first 505 seconds of an additional UDDS cycle. [5] [6] EPA FTP-75 driving cycle. Then the characteristics of the cycle are: Distance travelled: 11.04 miles (17.77 km) Duration: 1874 seconds; Average speed: 21.2 mph (34.1 km/h)
A driving cycle is a series of data points representing the speed of a vehicle versus time. Driving cycles are produced by different countries and organizations to assess the performance of vehicles in various ways, for example, fuel consumption, electric vehicle autonomy and polluting emissions. [1] [2] [3]
[1] [2] In order to make mileposts consistent with the real mileage, every milepost beyond the equation would need to be moved. [ 3 ] For example, an equation of 7.6 back = 9.2 ahead means that the feature does not have any section between mile 7.6 and mile 9.2, and the distance between mileposts 7 and 10 is only 1.4 miles.
The number of deaths per passenger-mile on commercial airlines in the United States between 2000 and 2010 was about 0.2 deaths per 10 billion passenger-miles, [96] [97] while for driving, the rate was 1.5 per 100 million vehicle-miles for 2000, which is 150 deaths per 10 billion miles for comparison with the air travel rate. [16] [98] [99] [100]
The law authorizes the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) to set up a mileage collection system for 5,000 volunteer motorists beginning July 1, 2015. [18] ODOT may assess a charge of 1.5 cents per mile for up to 5,000 volunteer cars and light commercial vehicles and issue a gas tax refund to those participants. [3]
In traffic flow modeling, the intelligent driver model (IDM) is a time-continuous car-following model for the simulation of freeway and urban traffic. It was developed by Treiber, Hennecke and Helbing in 2000 to improve upon results provided with other "intelligent" driver models such as Gipps' model, which loses realistic properties in the deterministic limit.