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Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire". [15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank ...
Kaluga Oblast lies in the central part of the East European Plain. [16] The oblast's territory is located between the Central Russian Upland (with and average elevation of above 200 metres (660 ft) and a maximum elevation of 275 metres (902 ft) in the southeast), the Smolensk–Moscow Upland, and the Dnieper–Desna watershed.
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5.1 Location map templates. 5.2 Creating new map definitions. Toggle the table of contents. Module: Location map/data/Russia Kaluga Oblast. 7 languages. Afrikaans;
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