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In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bond with positively charged ...
The nucleophile may be electrically neutral or negatively charged, whereas the substrate is typically neutral or positively charged. An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide, R-Br under basic conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is hydroxyl (OH −) and the leaving group is bromide (Br −).
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number; C 8 ClF 15 O: perfluorooctanoyl chloride: 335-64-8 C 8 Cl 4 N 2: tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: 1897-45-6 C 8 Co 2 O 8: dicobalt octacarbonyl: 10210-68-1 C 8 F 4 N 2: tetrafluorophthalonitrile: 1835-65-0 C 8 F 14 O 3: heptafluorobutyric anhydride: 336-59-4 C 8 F 16: perfluoroethylcyclohexane: 335-21-7 C 8 F ...
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number; C 5 BrMnO 5: manganese pentacarbonyl bromide: 14516-54-2 C 5 BrO 5 Re: rhenium pentacarbonyl bromide: 14220-21-4 C 5 Cl 2 F 6 O 2: hexafluoroglutaryl chloride: 678-77-3 C 5 F 6 O 3: hexafluoroglutaric acid anhydride: 376-68-1 C 5 F 8 O 2: hexafluoroglutaryl fluoride: 678-78-4 C 5 F 10 ...
Addition of a nucleophile to carbon–heteroatom double or triple bonds such as >C=O or -C≡N show great variety. These types of bonds are polar (have a large difference in electronegativity between the two atoms); consequently, their carbon atoms carries a partial positive charge. This makes the molecule an electrophile, and the carbon atom ...
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. [1] Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. [2] Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.
Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry, mainly for chemical elements; but also for functional groups, chemical compounds, and other entities. Element symbols for chemical elements, also known as atomic symbols , normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.