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The electrophilic Br-Br molecule interacts with electron-rich alkene molecule to form a π-complex 1. Forming of a three-membered bromonium ion The alkene is working as an electron donor and bromine as an electrophile. The three-membered bromonium ion 2 consisted of two carbon atoms and a bromine atom forms with a release of Br −.
In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral carbonyl group itself. Depending on the chemical species that act as the acid or base, catalytic mechanisms can be classified as either specific catalysis and general catalysis .
A dehydroalanine residue was long thought to be the key electrophilic catalytic residue in PAL and HAL, but the active residue was later found instead to be MIO, which is even more electrophilic. [16] [17] It is formed by cyclization and dehydration of conserved Ala-Ser-Gly tripeptide segment. The first step of MIO formation is a cyclization ...
In planning the synthesis of phenylacetic acid, two synthons are identified: a nucleophilic "COOH −" group, and an electrophilic "PhCH 2 +" group. Of course, both synthons do not exist by themselves; synthetic equivalents corresponding to the synthons are reacted to produce the desired reactant .
The partial rate factor of electrophilic aromatic substitution on fluorobenzene is often larger than one at the para position, making it an activating group. [11] Conversely, it is moderately deactivated at the ortho and meta positions, due to the proximity of these positions to the electronegative fluoro substituent.
Formyl functional group is shown in blue. Formylation refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). In organic chemistry, the term is most commonly used with regards to aromatic compounds (for example the conversion of benzene to benzaldehyde in the Gattermann–Koch reaction).
Other mechanistic possibilities not involving direct C–H bond cleavage by the metal include (i) generation of arylmetal species by electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism (common for electrophilic Pd, Pt, Au, Hg species), (ii) cleavage of the C–H bond via hydrogen atom abstraction by an O- or N-centered radical, which may then go on ...
Electrophilic opening of the three-membered ring forms cationic species 72, which undergoes a Friedel Crafts-type reaction and then rearomatizes to give tricyclic product 69. [25] [26] Due to the nature of the interaction of gold complexes with unsaturated systems, this process could also be considered an electrophilic cascade. Scheme 15.