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They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's equations. Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line. The transmission line model is an example of the distributed-element model. It represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port ...
Applying the transmission line model based on the telegrapher's equations as derived below, [1] [2] the general expression for the characteristic impedance of a transmission line is: = + + where R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance per unit length, considering the two conductors to be in series ,
The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z 0) of a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the absence of reflections in the other direction. Alternatively and equivalently it can be defined ...
The Transfer Length Method or the "Transmission Line Model" (both abbreviated as TLM) is a technique used in semiconductor physics and engineering to determine the specific contact resistivity between a metal and a semiconductor.
LTspice is a SPICE-based analog electronic circuit simulator computer software, produced by semiconductor manufacturer Analog Devices (originally by Linear Technology). [2] It is the most widely distributed and used SPICE software in the industry. [6]
Heaviside's model of a transmission line. A transmission line can be represented as a distributed-element model of its primary line constants as shown in the figure. The primary constants are the electrical properties of the cable per unit length and are: capacitance C (in farads per meter), inductance L (in henries per meter), series resistance R (in ohms per meter), and shunt conductance G ...
Unlike the transmission line example, the need to apply the distributed-element model arises from the geometry of the setup, and not from any wave propagation considerations. [3] The model used here needs to be truly 3-dimensional (transmission line models are usually described by elements of a one-dimensional line).
Equivalent circuit of a transmission line for the calculation of Z 0 from the primary line constants. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line, , is defined as the impedance looking into an infinitely long line. Such a line will never return a reflection since the incident wave will never reach the end to be reflected.