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  2. Moore's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law

    The graph at the top of this article shows this trend holds true today. As of 2017, the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 48 core Centriq with over 18 billion transistors. [148] Density at minimum cost per transistor - This is the formulation given in Moore's 1965 paper. [1]

  3. Diminishing returns - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminishing_returns

    An example would be a factory increasing its saleable product, but also increasing its CO 2 production, for the same input increase. [2] The law of diminishing returns is a fundamental principle of both micro and macro economics and it plays a central role in production theory. [5]

  4. Law of increasing costs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_increasing_costs

    In economics, the law of increasing costs is a principle that states that to produce an increasing amount of a good a supplier must give up greater and greater amounts of another good. The best way to look at this is to review an example of an economy that only produces two things - cars and oranges. If all the resources of the economy are put ...

  5. Cost curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_curve

    In economics, a cost curve is a graph of the costs of production as a function of total quantity produced. In a free market economy, productively efficient firms optimize their production process by minimizing cost consistent with each possible level of production, and the result is a cost curve. Profit-maximizing firms use cost curves to ...

  6. Marginal cost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost

    Marginal cost. In economics, the marginal cost is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is increased, i.e. the cost of producing additional quantity. [ 1] In some contexts, it refers to an increment of one unit of output, and in others it refers to the rate of change of total cost as output is increased by an ...

  7. Kruskal's algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal's_algorithm

    Kruskal's algorithm[ 1] finds a minimum spanning forest of an undirected edge-weighted graph. If the graph is connected, it finds a minimum spanning tree. It is a greedy algorithm that in each step adds to the forest the lowest-weight edge that will not form a cycle. [ 2] The key steps of the algorithm are sorting and the use of a disjoint-set ...

  8. Monotonic function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotonic_function

    In calculus and analysis. In calculus, a function defined on a subset of the real numbers with real values is called monotonic if it is either entirely non-decreasing, or entirely non-increasing. [ 2] That is, as per Fig. 1, a function that increases monotonically does not exclusively have to increase, it simply must not decrease.

  9. Production function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_function

    Graph of total, average, and marginal product. In economics, a production function gives the technological relation between quantities of physical inputs and quantities of output of goods. The production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories, used to define marginal product and to distinguish allocative ...