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Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. [7] Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. [1]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a high-grade aneuploid cancer, with mutations and overexpression of p53, [ 13] high levels of E-cadherin and abnormal cadherin function. It is often regarded as a systemic cancer. A large number of IBC cases present as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
Breast cancer makes up about 10% of breast masses. [1] Diagnosis is typically by examination, medical imaging, and tissue biopsy. [2] Tissue biopsy is often by fine needle aspiration biopsy. [3] Repeated examination may be required. [2] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. [1] It may vary from simple pain medication to surgical removal ...
Metastatic breast cancer. Metastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; [ 1] there is ...
Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS ), also known as intraductal carcinoma, is a pre-cancerous or non-invasive cancerous lesion of the breast. [ 1][ 2] DCIS is classified as Stage 0. [ 3] It rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump that can be felt, typically being detected through screening mammography. [ 4][ 5] It has been diagnosed in a ...
20-22. >22. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women. [note 1] Breast cancer comprises 22.9% of invasive cancers in women [2] and 16% of all female cancers. [3] In 2008, breast cancer caused 458,503 deaths worldwide, which is 13.7% of cancer deaths in women and 6.0% of all cancer deaths for men and women together. [2]
These treatments are now some of the most effective adjuvant treatments of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cancer cells depend on estrogen for their growth, so they can be treated with drugs to reduce either the effect of estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen ) or the actual level of estrogen (e.g. aromatase inhibitors ), and generally have ...
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