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Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes. [ 1] Early Greek philosophers studied pattern, with Plato ...
A leaf ( pl.: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, [ 1] usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", [ 2][ 3] while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. [ 4]
Vegetation is an assemblage of plant species and the ground cover they provide. [2] It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers to species composition.
Grain, fruit, and vegetables are basic human foods and have been domesticated for millennia. People use plants for many purposes, such as building materials, ornaments, writing materials, and, in great variety, for medicines. The scientific study of plants is known as botany, a branch of biology .
Phyllotaxis. Crisscrossing spirals of Aloe polyphylla. In botany, phyllotaxis (from Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon) 'leaf' and τάξις (táxis) 'arrangement') [ 1] or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem. Phyllotactic spirals form a distinctive class of patterns in nature .
The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic ...
New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or fiddlehead into fronds. [8] This uncurling of the leaf is termed circinate vernation. Leaves are divided into two types: sporophylls and tropophylls. Sporophylls produce spores; tropophylls do not. Fern spores are borne in sporangia which are usually clustered to ...
1) An increased rate of evaporation due to a temperature rise will hasten the loss of water. 2) Decreased relativehumidity outside the leaf will increase the water potential gradient. Relative humidity. Drier surroundings give a steeper water potential gradient, and so increase the rate of transpiration. Wind.