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Methylphenidate was first synthesized in 1944 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955. [152] [153] [154] It was synthesized by chemist Leandro Panizzon and sold by Swiss company CIBA (now Novartis). [152] He named the drug after his wife Margarita, nicknamed Rita, who used Ritalin to compensate for low blood pressure. [155]
[220] [221] In 1954, the stimulant methylphenidate (Ritalin, which was first produced in 1944) became available; it remains one of the most widely prescribed medications for ADHD. Initially the drug was used to treat narcolepsy, chronic fatigue, depression, and to counter the sedating effects of other medications. The drug began to be used for ...
Ritalinic acid. Ritalinic acid is a substituted phenethylamine and an inactive major metabolite of the psychostimulant drugs methylphenidate, dexmethylphenidate and ethylphenidate. [1][2] When administered orally, methylphenidate is extensively metabolized in the liver by hydrolysis of the ester group yielding ritalinic acid. [1]
In 1980, the DSM-III introduced the term "ADD (Attention-Deficit Disorder) with or without hyperactivity." That terminology (ADD) technically expired with the revision in 1987 to ADHD in the DSM-III-R. In the DSM-IV, published in 1994, ADHD with sub-types was presented. The DSM-IV-TR was released in 2000, primarily to correct factual errors and ...
Provigil is often prescribed as a first choice of treatment, though, because it is less addictive and has fewer side effects compared to certain other stimulants like Adderall and Ritalin.
At high doses, prescription amphetamines, used to treat ADHD could increase a person’s risk of psychosis. Image credit: visualspace/Getty Images.
Dexmethylphenidate is used as a treatment for ADHD, usually along with psychological, educational, behavioral or other forms of treatment. It is proposed that stimulants help ameliorate the symptoms of ADHD by making it easier for the user to concentrate, avoid distraction, and control behavior.
Methylphenidate is commonly used for treating ADHD, narcolepsy, and for cognitive enhancement. [62] It was first created by chemist Leandro Panizzon in 1944 and later patented in 1954 by a Swiss pharmaceutical company known as Ciba. [63] Methylphenidate was first introduced into the market as Ritalin in the 1950s. [62]