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Tetrapod. A tetrapod (/ ˈtɛtrəˌpɒd /; [5] from Ancient Greek τετρα- (tetra-) 'four' and πούς (poús) 'foot') is any four- limbed vertebrate animal of the superclass Tetrapoda (/ tɛˈtræpədə /). [6] Tetrapods include all extant and extinct amphibians and amniotes, with the latter in turn evolving into two major clades, the ...
Reptile. See text for extinct and stem groups. Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Living reptiles comprise four orders: Testudines (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodilians), Squamata (lizards and snakes), and Rhynchocephalia (the tuatara).
Avesuchia Benton, 1999. Archosauria (lit. 'ruling reptiles') or archosaurs (/ ˈɑːrkəˌsɔːr / [3]) is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapods, with birds and crocodilians being the only extant representatives. Although broadly classified as reptiles, which traditionally exclude birds, the cladistic sense of the term includes all living and ...
The evolution of tetrapods began about 400 million years ago in the Devonian Period with the earliest tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes. [1] Tetrapods (under the apomorphy-based definition used on this page) are categorized as animals in the biological superclass Tetrapoda, which includes all living and extinct amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. [2] It can be contrasted with fish anatomy, which is the study of the form or morphology of fishes. In practice, fish anatomy and physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or ...
Sarcopterygii (/ ˌ s ɑːr k ɒ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ i. aɪ /; from Ancient Greek σάρξ (sárx) 'flesh' and πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fin') — sometimes considered synonymous with Crossopterygii (from Ancient Greek κροσσός (krossós) 'fringe') — is a clade (traditionally a class or subclass) of vertebrate animals which includes a group of bony fish commonly referred to as lobe ...
Swim bladder. The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish [1]) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to expend energy in swimming. [2] Also, the dorsal position of the swim ...
External anatomy of a bony fish (Hector's lanternfish): 1. operculum (gill cover), 2. lateral line, 3. dorsal fin, 4. adipose fin, 5. caudal peduncle, 6. caudal fin, 7. anal fin, 8. photophores, 9. pelvic fins (paired), 10. pectoral fins (paired) Internal anatomy of a bony fish. Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fish. It ...