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An alpha beta filter (also called alpha-beta filter, f-g filter or g-h filter [1]) is a simplified form of observer for estimation, data smoothing and control applications. . It is closely related to Kalman filters and to linear state observers used in control theo
Convolutional code with any code rate can be designed based on polynomial selection; [15] however, in practice, a puncturing procedure is often used to achieve the required code rate. Puncturing is a technique used to make a m/n rate code from a "basic" low-rate (e.g., 1/n) code. It is achieved by deleting of some bits in the encoder output.
Polyspace is a static code analysis tool for large-scale analysis by abstract interpretation to detect, or prove the absence of, certain run-time errors in source code for the C, C++, and Ada programming languages. The tool also checks source code for adherence to appropriate code standards.
The time constant (τ p) is the amount of time it takes for the output to reach 63.2% of the new steady-state value after the step change. One downside to using this method is that it can take a while to reach a new steady-state value if the process has large time constants. [27]
x erf x 1 − erf x; 0: 0: 1: 0.02: 0.022 564 575: 0.977 435 425: 0.04: 0.045 111 106: 0.954 888 894: 0.06: 0.067 621 594: 0.932 378 406: 0.08: 0.090 078 126: 0.909 ...
Eduardo Sontag showed that for a given control system, there exists a continuous CLF if and only if the origin is asymptotic stabilizable. [5] It was later shown by Francis H. Clarke, Yuri Ledyaev, Eduardo Sontag, and A.I. Subbotin that every asymptotically controllable system can be stabilized by a (generally discontinuous) feedback. [6]
It propagates constants, which is the calculation of static values which can be calculated at compile time. Moreover, it can find more constant values, and thus more opportunities for improvement, than separately applying dead code elimination and constant propagation in any order or any number of repetitions. [1] [2]
A stationary Gauss–Markov process with variance (()) = and time constant has the following properties.. Exponential autocorrelation: () = | |.; A power spectral density (PSD) function that has the same shape as the Cauchy distribution: () = +. (Note that the Cauchy distribution and this spectrum differ by scale factors.)