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  2. Confocal microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy

    Fluorescence and confocal microscopes operating principle. Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. [1]

  3. Single-molecule FRET - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-molecule_FRET

    Alternatively, confocal microscopy minimizes background by focusing the fluorescence light onto a pinhole to reject out-of-focus light. [1] The confocal volume has a diameter of around 220 nm, and therefore it must be scanned across if an image of the sample is needed.

  4. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

    Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.

  5. Förster resonance energy transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Förster_resonance_energy...

    In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as in molecular biology, FRET is a useful tool to quantify molecular dynamics in biophysics and biochemistry, such as protein-protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions, DNA-DNA interactions, [30] and protein conformational changes. For monitoring the ...

  6. Optical transfer function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_transfer_function

    The image of a point source is also a three dimensional (3D) intensity distribution which can be represented by a 3D point-spread function. As an example, the figure on the right shows the 3D point-spread function in object space of a wide-field microscope (a) alongside that of a confocal microscope (c).

  7. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection...

    A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide.

  8. Raman microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_microscope

    Raman microscopy, and in particular confocal microscopy, can reach down to sub-micrometer lateral spatial resolution. [7] Because a Raman microscope is a diffraction-limited system, its spatial resolution depends on the wavelength of light and the numerical aperture of the focusing element. In confocal Raman microscopy, the diameter of the ...

  9. Luminous intensity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_intensity

    In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.

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