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Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not. It is defined descriptively by the capacity for homeostasis , organisation , metabolism , growth , adaptation , response to stimuli , and reproduction .
Mathematical molecular bioscience is an interdisciplinary field that explores biological processes at the molecular level using advanced mathematics, such as geometry, topology, algebra, and combinatorics. [52]
[230] [231] Some authors regard a point process and stochastic process as two different objects such that a point process is a random object that arises from or is associated with a stochastic process, [232] [233] though it has been remarked that the difference between point processes and stochastic processes is not clear.
In the theory of stochastic processes, a subdiscipline of probability theory, filtrations are totally ordered collections of subsets that are used to model the information that is available at a given point and therefore play an important role in the formalization of random (stochastic) processes.
The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in applied mathematics and in the natural sciences (such as physics , biology , earth science , chemistry ) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science , electrical engineering ), as well as in non-physical systems such as the ...
The P versus NP problem, which remains open to this day, is also important for discrete mathematics, since its solution would potentially impact a large number of computationally difficult problems. [45] Discrete mathematics includes: [14] Combinatorics, the art of enumerating mathematical objects that satisfy some given constraints.
A pure death process is a birth–death process where = for all . M/M/1 model and M/M/c model , both used in queueing theory , are birth–death processes used to describe customers in an infinite queue.
Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the greatest common divisor of number r and s. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ ˈ æ l ɡ ə r ɪ ð əm / ⓘ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. [1]