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In a notable study of power conducted by social psychologists John R. P. French and Bertram Raven in 1959, power is divided into five separate and distinct forms. [1] [2] They identified those five bases of power as coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert.
Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of ...
Political authors such as John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and Ronald Dworkin contend whether governments are inherently coercive. [5]: 28 In 1919, Max Weber (1864–1920), building on the view of Ihering (1818–1892), [6] defined a state as "a human community that (successfully) claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force".
Coercive Power: A person with coercive power has the ability to inflict punishments (e.g., fire you). Expert Power : Expert power is based on what a person knows (e.g., you may do what a doctor tells you to do because they know more about medicine than you do).
For Marcel Mauss, Durkheim's nephew and sometime collaborator, a total social fact (French fait social total) is "an activity that has implications throughout society, in the economic, legal, political, and religious spheres."
[3] [2] Successful instances of coercive diplomacy in one case may have a deterrent effect on other states, [6] [7] [3] whereas a reputation for a lack of resolve may undermine general deterrence [8] and future compellence. [9] Successful coercive diplomacy entails clearly communicated threats, a cost-benefit calculus, credibility, and ...
Biderman's Chart of Coercion originated from Albert Biderman's study of Chinese psychological torture of American prisoners of war during the Korean War.. Biderman's Chart of Coercion, also called Biderman's Principles, is a table developed by sociologist Albert Biderman in 1957 to illustrate the methods of Chinese and Korean torture on American prisoners of war from the Korean War.
Hard power encompasses a wide range of coercive policies, such as coercive diplomacy, economic sanctions, military action, and the forming of military alliances for deterrence and mutual defense. Hard power can be used to establish or change a state of political hegemony or balance of power .