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To help visualize the relationship of the upstream Froude number and the flow depth downstream of the hydraulic jump, it is helpful to plot y 2 /y 1 versus the upstream Froude Number, Fr 1. (Figure 8) The value of y 2 /y 1 is a ratio of depths that represent a dimensionless jump height; for example, if y 2 /y 1 = 2, then the jump doubles the ...
The Froude number is used to compare the wave making resistance between bodies of various sizes and shapes. In free-surface flow, the nature of the flow (supercritical or subcritical) depends upon whether the Froude number is greater than or less than unity. One can easily see the line of "critical" flow in a kitchen or bathroom sink.
Amount upstream flow is supercritical (i.e., prejump Froude Number) Ratio of height after to height before jump Descriptive characteristics of jump Fraction of energy dissipated by jump [11] ≤ 1.0: 1.0: No jump; flow must be supercritical for jump to occur: none 1.0–1.7: 1.0–2.0: Standing or undulating wave < 5% 1.7–2.5: 2.0–3.1
Consequently, this depth corresponds to a Froude Number of 1. Depths greater than critical depth are considered “subcritical” and have a Froude Number less than 1, while depths less than critical depth are considered supercritical and have Froude Numbers greater than 1.
The parameter is known as the Froude number, and is defined as: = where is the mean velocity, is the characteristic length scale for a channel's depth, and is the gravitational acceleration. Depending on the effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number , the flow can be either laminar , turbulent , or ...
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
Homer and others (2007) indicate that about 76 percent of the conterminous United States is classified as having less than 1 percent impervious cover, 11 percent with impervious cover of 1 to 10 percent, 4 percent with an estimated impervious cover of 11 to 20 percent, 4.4 percent with an estimated impervious cover of 21 to 40 percent, and ...
For given upstream conditions at point 1 as shown in Figures 3 and 4, calculations can be made to determine the nozzle exit Mach number and the location of a normal shock in the constant area duct. Point 2 labels the nozzle throat, where M = 1 if the flow is choked. Point 3 labels the end of the nozzle where the flow transitions from isentropic ...