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Macropinocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytic mechanism that can be activated in practically all animal cells, resulting in uptake. In most cell types, it does not occur continuously but rather is induced for a limited time in response to cell-surface receptor activation by specific cargoes, including growth factors , ligands of ...
Because the process of macropinocytosis is non-specific, many pathogens take advantage of macropinosomes to infect their target cells. In this way, pathogens internalized in macropinosomes avoid barriers and obstructions that the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic crowding and cortical cytoskeleton pose when moving deeper into the cytoplasm. [1]
Dynamin-independent clathrin-independent pathways include the CLIC/GEEC pathway (regulated by Graf1), [11] as well as MEND and macropinocytosis. [10] Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the only pathway dependent on both clathrin and dynamin.
Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), also called clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is a process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane (invagination).
Schematic of different pathways of viral entry: (A) membrane fusion, (B) endocytosis, and (C) macropinocytosis Membrane fusion mediated by paramyxovirus fusion proteins. Cell entry by enveloped viruses is more complicated. Enveloped viruses enter the cell by attaching to an attachment factor located on the surface of the host cell.
19376 Ensembl ENSG00000109113 ENSMUSG00000002059 UniProt Q9BZG1 P0DI83 Q64008 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001142624 NM_001142625 NM_001144942 NM_001144943 NM_001256276 NM_001256277 NM_001256278 NM_001256281 NM_031934 NM_001159482 NM_033475 RefSeq (protein) NP_001136096 NP_001136097 NP_001138414 NP_001138415 NP_001243205 NP_001243206 NP_001243207 NP_001243210 NP_114140 NP_001243210.1 NP_001152954 NP ...
Cationic liposomes in the lamellar phase deliver nucleic acids through endocytosis, specifically clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CavME), and macropinocytosis. [3] After administration in vivo, cationic liposomes are biodegradable due to the presence of endogenous enzymes that can digest the lipids. [14]
The size range of proteins with effective delivery is from 30kDa to 120-150kDa. In one study, TAT-fused proteins are rapidly internalized by lipid raft−dependent macropinocytosis using a transducible TAT−Cre recombinase reporter assay on live cells. [57]