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Bihar and Orissa was a province of British India, [1] which included the present-day Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and parts of Odisha.The territories were conquered by the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and were governed by the then Indian Civil Service of the Bengal Presidency, the largest administrative subdivision in British India.
The province included the Orissa Tributary States. On 1 April 1912, the province of Bihar and Orissa was detached from Bengal, and the Orissa Tributary States were placed under the authority of the governor of Bihar and Orissa. In 1936, Orissa became a separate province with five districts, [3] comprising an area of 83,392 km 2. [4]
During his tenure as Governor, a number of educational and public institutions were founded or declared opened in the state of Bihar and Orissa. Some significant institutions opened during his tenure were Bihar Veterinary College, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Sinha Library, Wheeler Senate Hall of Patna University. [9] [10] [11] [12]
The history of Odisha begins in the Lower Paleolithic era, as Acheulian tools dating to the period have been discovered in various places in the region. [1] The early history of Odisha can be traced back to writings found in ancient texts like the Mahabharata , Maha Govinda Sutta and some Puranas .
In 1756, Bihar was part of Bengal. On 14 October 1803, Orissa was occupied by the British Raj. [1] On 22 March 1912, both Bihar and Orissa were separated from Bengal as Bihar and Orissa Province. [2] On 1 April 1936, Bihar and Orissa became separate provinces. [3]
The History of Bihar is one of the most varied in India. Bihar consists of three distinct regions, each has its own distinct history and culture. They are Magadha, Mithila and Bhojpur. [1] Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record dating from the Neolithic age (c. 2500 – 1345 BC).
On 1 April 1936, the Bihar and Orissa Province was partitioned into two separate provinces Bihar and Orissa based on language, though Manbhum continued to remain a part of Bihar. Post-independence , linguistic tensions emerged in the district due to imposition of Hindi language over the native Bengali-speaking majority.
The zamindars of Bihar seem to have suffered far less than the old zamindars of Bengal and Orissa, who suffered considerably. The Darbhanga Raj, the Hathwa Raj, the Tekari Raj, the Deo families in Gaya, and the Dumraon families in Shahabad were among the prominent zamindars of Bihar who enjoyed prosperity. [12]