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In 1989 the very first commercially available off the shelf instrument procedure design software (Wavionix) conforming to ICAO document 8168 Pans-Ops was programmed by Ian Whitworth. This software was first demonstrated at Bailbrook College in Bath, England in 1992 to a procedure design course. Prior to this all procedure design was done with ...
An "approach plate" depicting an instrument approach procedure for an ILS approach to Tacoma Narrows Airport in the United StatesIn aviation, an instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft operating under instrument flight rules from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point ...
Table II-5-1-2 Aircraft approach categories do not change during day-to-day operation. To change an aircraft's category, an aircraft must be re-certified with a different maximum landing mass. [1]: II-5-1-3 Pilots may not use a lower category than the one certified, but may choose to use a higher category for higher speed approaches. [2]
RNP procedures were introduced in the PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc 8168), which became applicable in 1998. These RNP procedures were the predecessor of the current PBN concept, whereby the performance for operation on the route is defined (in lieu of flight elements such as flyover procedures, variability in flight paths, and added airspace buffer), but they resulted in no significant design advantages.
Vol V – Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization; Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services – Air Traffic Control Service, Flight Information Service and Alerting Service; Annex 12 – Search and Rescue; Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation; Annex 14 – Aerodromes Vol I – Aerodrome Design and Operations; Vol II ...
Archived from the original on 2 April 2019; Eurocontrol AIRAC calendar until 2022 "ICAO Aeronautical Information Services Manual (DOC 8126; AN/872; 6th Edition; 2003) Chapter 2. Provision of raw data 2.6 Aeronautical information regulation and control (AIRAC)" (PDF). ICAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2020
The fix is the start of the first turn of the racetrack pattern. [2] Aircraft will fly towards the fix, and once there will enter a predefined racetrack pattern. A standard holding pattern uses right-hand turns and takes approximately 4 minutes to complete (one minute for each 180-degree turn, and two one-minute straight ahead sections). [1]
A standard rate turn is defined as a 3° per second turn, which completes a 360° turn in 2 minutes. This is known as a 2-minute turn, or rate one (180°/min). Fast airplanes, or aircraft on certain precision approaches, use a half standard rate ('rate half' in some countries), but the definition of standard rate does not change.