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From then, it started to be required in civil service examinations in the 1480s. [1] [5] Since mastery of the form was a requirement for success in the examinations, commercial printers during the Ming dynasty began to print successful examination essays as guides for aspiring candidates. [6]
The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy.The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history, but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty [1] (581–618), then into the Tang ...
The numbers of jinshi degrees given out were increased in the Song dynasty, and the examinations were given every three years. Most senior officials of the Song dynasty were jinshi holders. [4] The Ming dynasty resumed the civil-service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan dynasty.
A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu.The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. A Qing photograph of a government official with mandarin square embroidered in front A European view: a mandarin travelling by boat, Baptista van Doetechum, 1604 Nguyễn Văn Tường (chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the ...
However, because the Tang Dynasty was a rapidly changing period for the final formation of the structure and composition of scholar-officials, there is some ambiguity of the usage of the words "scholar-officials": according to the Old Book of Tang, scholars/intellectuals who passed the imperial exam but took no official position could only be ...
The civil service examination system was first officially established in the Sui dynasty. [3] During the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, juren was used to refer to candidates of the state examination. [5] During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the civil examination system matured and became well-established. [2]
Zhong Kui, as used for depiction on the screen of a shadow play.Qing dynasty. The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China designed to select the best potential candidates to serve as administrative officials, for the purpose of recruiting them for the state's bureaucracy.
The sons of gentry aspired to pass the imperial exams and continue the family legacy. By late imperial China, merchants used their wealth to educate their sons in hopes of entering the civil service. Financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure.