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Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.
Commonly, the post-menopausal woman is not called hypogonadal if she is of typical menopausal age. Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an abnormality, whereas menopause is a normal change in hormone levels.
The signs and symptoms of POI can be seen as part of a continuum of changes leading to menopause. [7] POI contrasts with age-appropriate menopause in the age of onset, degree of symptoms and sporadic return to normal ovarian function. [8] As some women retain partial ovarian function, symptoms may not be as severe as regular menopause. [8]
This leads to decreased estrogen production and symptoms of atrophic vaginitis. [6] Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorders: These disorders directly affect the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, disrupting hormone production. [6] [10] Anti-Estrogen Medications: Medications such as Danazol or Leuprolide can lower estrogen levels. [6] [11]
[10] [2] At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. [1] While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. [11] Menopause is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods ...
While a 2018 review found that taking progesterone and estrogen together can decrease this risk, [53] other reviews reported an increased risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism when estrogen and progestogen were combined, particularly when treatment was started 10 years or more after menopause and when the women were older than 60 years.
Estrogen deficiency is a particularly common cause of sexual pain complaints related to vaginal atrophy among postmenopausal patients, and may be a result of similar changes in menstruating patients on hormonal birth control. [15] Estrogen deficiency is associated with lubrication inadequacy, which can lead to painful friction during intercourse.
Estradiol levels over a 24-hour period following a single 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg dose of sublingual estradiol or a single 0.5 or 1 mg dose of oral estradiol in postmenopausal women. [1] Source: Price et al. (1997). [1]