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A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.
Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower Large-scale industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. [ 5 ] Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of ...
The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. Differential centrifugation . Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes , or isotopes , or a suspension ) is divided during a phase transition , into a number of smaller quantities ( fractions ...
The crude oil is fed to a stabilizer which is typically a tray or packed tower column that achieves a partial fractionation or distillation of the oil. [4] The heavier components, pentane (C 5 H 12 ), hexane (C 6 H 14 ), and higher hydrocarbons (C 7 +), flow as liquid down through the column where the temperature is increasingly higher.
Fractionation at total reflux. The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
Image:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.png licensed with GFDL-en 2008-03-07T11:17:34Z VIGNERON 272x321 (3971 Bytes) {{GFDL-with-disclaimers}} {{Information |Description=Diagram , drawn by theresa knott. This diagram was created with the drawing tools that come with [[Microsoft Word]]. See [[Wikipedia:How to draw a diagram with Microsoft
The apparatus shown in the diagram represents a batch distillation as opposed to a continuous distillation. The liquid feed mixture to be distilled is placed into the round-bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules, and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column.