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In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram of objects, also known as vertices, and morphisms, also known as arrows or edges, such that when selecting two objects any directed path through the diagram leads to the same result by composition.
In mathematics, a knot is an embedding of the circle (S 1) into three-dimensional Euclidean space, R 3 (also known as E 3). Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are ambient isotopic , that is, if there exists a continuous deformation of R 3 which takes one knot to the other.
A reduced diagram is a knot diagram in which there are no reducible crossings (also nugatory or removable crossings), or in which all of the reducible crossings have been removed. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A petal projection is a type of projection in which, instead of forming double points, all strands of the knot meet at a single crossing point, connected ...
In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. [1] It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is ...
Mathematical statistics is the application of probability theory and other mathematical concepts to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. [1] Specific mathematical techniques that are commonly used in statistics include mathematical analysis , linear algebra , stochastic analysis , differential equations , and ...
Let M be a structure in a first-order language L.An extended language L(M) is obtained by adding to L a constant symbol c a for every element a of M.The structure M can be viewed as an L(M) structure in which the symbols in L are interpreted as before, and each new constant c a is interpreted as the element a.
In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the diagram of a structure is a simple but powerful concept for proving useful properties of a theory, for example the amalgamation property and the joint embedding property, among others.
Frequently the word link is used to describe any submanifold of the sphere diffeomorphic to a disjoint union of a finite number of spheres, .. In full generality, the word link is essentially the same as the word knot – the context is that one has a submanifold M of a manifold N (considered to be trivially embedded) and a non-trivial embedding of M in N, non-trivial in the sense that the 2nd ...