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The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC), [1] also known as the minimum oxygen concentration (MOC), [2] is defined as the limiting concentration of oxygen below which combustion is not possible, independent of the concentration of fuel. It is expressed in units of volume percent of oxygen. The LOC varies with pressure and temperature.
Using the O2 sensor signal, the ECU can operate the engine with an air–fuel ratio very close to 14.7:1, which is the ideal operating mixture for a three way catalyst to be effective. [3] Robert Bosch GmbH introduced the first automotive lambda sensor in 1976, [ 2 ] and it was first used by Volvo and Saab in that year.
Pre-dive calibration of the cells can only check response to partial pressures up to 100% at atmospheric pressure, or 1 bar. As the set points are commonly in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 bar, [6] special hyperbaric calibration equipment would be required to reliably test the response at the set-points. This equipment is available, but is expensive ...
A typical nominal regulated gauge pressure from a medical oxygen regulator is 3.4 bars (50 psi), for an absolute pressure of approximately 4.4 bar and a pressure ratio of about 4.4 without back pressure, so they will have choked flow in the metering orifices for a downstream (outlet) pressure of up to about 2.3 bar absolute.
The commercial product, YSZ oxygen sensor, [1] is an example of type I. Type II sensors do not have mobile ions of the chemical species to be sensed, but an ion related to the target gas can diffuse in the solid electrolyte to allow equilibration with the atmosphere.
The alveolar oxygen partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric O 2 partial pressure for two reasons. Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg.
Desired product 50% helium, 16% oxygen, remainder nitrogen (34%). The PO 2 after the helium addition must be 0.16 bar if there is negligible pressure loss. The ratio of oxygen to nitrogen must be 16:34, which gives 16/(16+34) = 32% oxygen, or a 0.32 bar PO 2 for the nitrox.
Fraction of inspired oxygen (F I O 2), correctly denoted with a capital I, [1] is the molar or volumetric fraction of oxygen in the inhaled gas. Medical patients experiencing difficulty breathing are provided with oxygen-enriched air, which means a higher-than-atmospheric F I O 2. Natural air includes 21% oxygen, which is equivalent to F I O 2 ...