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The Moka is a highly ritualized system of exchange in the Mount Hagen area, Papua New Guinea, that has become emblematic of the anthropological concepts of "gift economy" and of "Big man" political system.
Trade beads from ca. 1740, found in a Wichita village site in present-day Oklahoma Nineteenth-century European trade beads found in Alaska Chugach woven spruce-root hat. Trade beads are beads that were used as a medium of barter within and amongst communities.
The Maya used several different mediums of exchange and in the trading of food commodities, the barter system was typically used for large orders. [citation needed] Cacao beans were used for everyday exchange in Postclassic times. For more expensive purchases gold, jade and copper were used as a means of exchange. [12]
The Kula ring spans 18 island communities of the Massim archipelago, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of individuals. [3] Participants travel at times hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange Kula valuables, which consist of red shell-disc necklaces (veigun or soulava) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) and white shell armbands ...
There is no evidence, historical or contemporary, of a society in which barter is the main mode of exchange; [23] [24] instead, non-monetary societies operated largely along the principles of gift economy and debt. [25] [26] [27] When barter did in fact occur, it was usually between either complete strangers or potential enemies. [28]
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