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  2. Circular chromosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_chromosome

    A circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule. This has the major advantage of having no free ends to the DNA.

  3. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular bacterial chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. [68] The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA.

  4. Circular DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_DNA

    Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and has no ends. Examples include: Plasmids, mobile genetic elements; cccDNA, formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei; Circular bacterial chromosomes; Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids; Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)

  5. Plasmid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

    The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...

  6. Nucleoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoid

    In many bacteria, the chromosome is a single covalently closed (circular) double-stranded DNA molecule that encodes the genetic information in a haploid form. The size of the DNA varies from 500,000 to several million base pairs (bp) encoding from 500 to several thousand genes depending on the organism. [2]

  7. Unicellular organism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular_organism

    It can take a century for a stromatolite to grow 5 cm. [10] Bacteria in a capule. Bacteria are one of the world's oldest forms of life, and are found virtually everywhere in nature. [9] Many common bacteria have plasmids, which are short, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. [11]

  8. Symbiogenesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

    Some mitochondria and some plastids contain single circular DNA molecules that are similar to the DNA of bacteria both in size and structure. [71] Genome comparisons suggest a close relationship between mitochondria and Alphaproteobacteria. [72] Genome comparisons suggest a close relationship between plastids and cyanobacteria. [73]

  9. Escherichia coli - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli

    It is a circular DNA molecule 4.6 million base pairs in length, containing 4288 annotated protein-coding genes (organized into 2584 operons), seven ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons, and 86 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Despite having been the subject of intensive genetic analysis for about 40 years, many of these genes were previously unknown.